I leader sono visionari con un senso poco sviluppato della paura e nessun concetto di probabilità a loro sfavore. (Robert Jarvik)
I Peaky Blinders sono una gang inglese esistita realmente a cavallo tra la fine del Diciannovesimo secolo e l’inizio del Ventesimo, l’ideatore della serie, Steven Knight, ha voluto proseguire la storia dei fratelli immaginando il loro futuro. Come è possibile, però, legare uno dei temi principali della psicologia sociale alla produzione televisiva di consumo? Thomas Shelby ci guida in questa direzione.
Che cos’è la leadership efficace?
In ambito della psicologia sociale il leader è chi possiede buone idee che trovano un’approvazione da parte dei membri del gruppo cui appartiene e che tutti seguono, di conseguenza ha il potere di far accadere le cose. La leadership è definita come il processo di influenza sociale attraverso il quale un individuo ottiene e mobilita l’aiuto del gruppo in funzione del raggiungimento di uno scopo collettivo, ed esiste solo se le persone sono persuase a interiorizzare le norme di gruppo che esse mettono in atto come espressione delle proprie convinzioni. Si può, quindi, raggiungere qualsiasi scopo quando si è comandati da un capo? La risposta è no, in quanto non sempre basta solo essere guidati, ma per attuare questo è necessario la leadership deve essere definita efficace. Questo si attua solo se viene giudicata in modo oggettivo rispetto alla capacità del leader di fissare nuovi obiettivi e persuadere gli altri a realizzarli.
Spesso, ed erroneamente, si crede che leader si nasce, non si diventa, ma le capacità che questa figura possiede non sono innate, anzi derivano da caratteristiche personali apprese e durature nel tempo che lo permeano di carisma e di predisposizione al comando. Uno studio recente ha voluto esplorare le qualità tipiche del leader in relazione alle dimensioni maggiori della personalità, le dimensioni Big Five, cioè una scala di misurazione della personalità più ampia e più stabile, che concerne i seguenti punti: estroversione/iniziativa, piacevolezza, coscienziosità, stabilità emotiva e, infine, intelligenza/apertura mentale. I risultati ottenuti dal ricercatore Timothy Judge hanno evidenziato come il leader efficace possiede maggiore quantità di iniziativa, presenta una grande apertura mentale ed è molto coscienzioso. Voi, rivedete nel leader della Shelby Company Limited alcune di queste caratteristiche?
Il leader, sempre in prima fila
Guardando Peaky Blinders non si può fare a meno di notare come il protagonista e capo della banda sia sempre in prima linea, sempre al centro durante ogni azione collettiva. È lui che partendo da lontano guida alla rivalsa un clan criminale che fino ad allora non aveva fatto altro che occuparsi degli affari della città, delle corse e del commercio lungo il fiume.
Thomas Shelby guida i suoi ragazzi in ogni singola azione, prende le decisioni e le condivide con i membri stretti della famiglia sempre attorno ad un tavolo, con tutti seduti e pronti ad esporre le loro riflessioni, per poi arrivare ad una votazione secondo il principio democratico. Anche in queste scene è il leader a farla da padrone, è lui che guida il dialogo, che indirizza le decisioni verso il fine che ritiene più opportuno. Inoltre, di fronte al pericolo non si defila mai, come se fosse ancora catapultato tra le trincee della Prima Guerra Mondiale, spara, lotta e corre insieme ai suoi uomini, al fianco di John e Arthur, guidando ogni singola iniziativa dall’interno. Questi sono i tratti che lo portano ad essere visto come un esempio in particolare per i bambini di Birmingham, ad essere la guida per eccellenza. Certo non si può trascurare quella che in ambito psicologico è definita la teoria della contingenza, secondo la quale l’efficacia di determinati comportamenti in termini di leadership dipende dalla situazione in cui essa si manifesta e quindi il protagonista, abile stratega, veloce a cogliere l’occasione e il pericolo quando si manifestano, in queste situazioni sembra particolarmente favorito. Lui ha la capacità, inoltre, di essere pronto ad ascoltare e a supportare i membri del suo gruppo ad uno ad uno, quindi instaura con loro uno scambio leader-gregario attraverso scambi personali di buona qualità e reciproci, sotto forma di input e output, in quanto dona comprensione e sostegno, ma in cambio ottiene sempre più legittimazione.
Thomas, lo specialista del compito
Il leader però non è capace di essere tale in ogni situazione e in ogni istante, perciò esistono due stili di leadership identificati da Robert Bales: il primo definita specialista del compito e il secondo stile definito specialista socio-emotivo. Il primo si concentra sul raggiungimento delle soluzioni fornendo indicazione e segnalando direzioni, mentre il secondo è attento ai sentimenti che provano gli altri membri del gruppo. Raramente entrambi questi ruoli sono occupati dalla stessa persona. Ma, come detto prima, Thomas è sempre pronto ad ascoltare i suoi gregari, può essere per questo definito un leader socio-emotivo? Una vera risposta apparentemente pare non esserci, poiché queste due figure di leadership spesso non coincidono, anzi sono rappresentate da due figure distinte. Eppure, nonostante sia pronto ad ascoltare e supportare, sul lato delle relazioni emozionali e sentimentali la figura dominante è Polly Gray, zia e tesoriera della compagnia non solo in senso economico, ma anche in senso metaforico. Thomas Shelby si pone perciò come guida della famiglia ed impone la direzione nella quale tutti i componenti di essa devono muoversi, è lui ad impartire la direzione più opportuna per il conseguimento degli obiettivi prefissati, è lui a fare le regole ed è lui a intervenire su eventuali problematiche. Ma qual è il motivo per cui è così influente sul resto dei famigliari? Semplice, lui si pone come membro interno del gruppo, non come guida dall’esterno, le sue parole, almeno inizialmente, hanno lo stesso valore di quelle degli altri. Inoltre, la sua posizione è stata legittimata dal gruppo, i cui membri hanno posto in lui il potere, lo status e l’approvazione sociale, quindi è stato eletto dal basso, dall’interno del gruppo, anziché essere imposto a guida da un’autorità esterna. Si comporta in modo umile, sporcandosi le mani quando è il caso. Questa sua caratteristica porta a lui dei vantaggi: essendo una persona molto estroversa, capace di sperimentare nuove idee e nuove direzioni, capace di convincere attraverso il suo carisma acquisito la famiglia alla possibilità di poter vivere un futuro migliore, a poco a poco riesce ad imporsi sempre maggiormente portando con sé la sua visione fino ad arrivare a controllare la capitale, Londra, e ad investire nel mercato azionario di Wall Street, al di là dell’Oceano Atlantico. In che cosa si contraddistingue come specialista del compito? È la determinazione che lo spinge a trovare gratificazione dal risultato ottenuto, ma questo non gli basta mai, si spinge sempre oltre trasformando di volta in volta gli obiettivi e le azioni, ottenendo sempre maggior carisma e influenza sugli altri, muovendosi costantemente in prima linea.
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